NCT06690762 | NOT YET RECRUITING | Irritable Bowel Disease

Detailed Description:

Definition of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic recurrent abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel habits or bowel movements. IBS is a chronic, often debilitating, and highly prevalent disorder of the brain-gut interaction that affects 5% to 10% of the population. (8, 12) Epidemiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome IBS is a common condition affecting 9% to 23% of the general population, 80% of whom are women, with a significant impact on quality of life and health care costs. Its prevalence is lower in individuals aged 50 years and older. The prevalence of IBS in developed countries has been reported to reach up to 20% of the population. Population-based epidemiological studies of IBS have shown prevalence rates ranging from 5% to 10% in most countries. It varies between 7% in Southeast Asia and the Middle East studies, 11.8-14.0% in North America, Northern Europe and Australia studies and 15.0-21.0% in Southern Europe, Africa and South America studies. 24 It has been stated that the prevalence of IBS in the general population in China is 6.5%. 25 A national study among middle and high school students in Japan showed that the prevalence of IBS was 18.6%. 26 In a study published in 2020, the prevalence of IBS in the USA, Canada and the United Kingdom was similar between 4.4% and 4.8%. In our country, studies conducted in İzmir, Sivas, Elazığ and Diyarbakır have stated that the prevalence of IBS varies between 6.2% and 19.1%. The prevalence of IBS in our country varies between 6.3-27% (4-6, 13). Pathophysiology of Irritable Bowel Syndrome The pathophysiology of IBS is complex, and the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the syndrome are heterogeneous and not fully understood. However, factors leading to IBS include alterations in brain-gut communication, serotonin metabolism disorders, intestinal motility disorders, visceral hypersensitivity, gastrointestinal infections, altered microbiota, food intolerance, genetics, stress, and psychological factors (8, 13, 14). Factors such as early life stress, sleep disturbance, maladaptive coping strategies, symptom hypervigilance, and visceral hypersensitivity in IBS patients negatively affect gut-brain communication and increase the likelihood of developing IBS or worsen the severity of IBS (15). Psychological Factors Psychiatric and psychosomatic conditions often coexist in patients with IBS, and up to 50% of patients meet criteria for a psychiatric diagnosis. A recent meta-analysis of 73 studies concluded that IBS increases an individual's risk of anxiety or depression by three-fold. Several psychosocial factors, including early life experiences, infections, trauma, stress, cultural background, and the level of support an individual receives, are important for IBS (1, 16). Exacerbation of gastrointestinal symptoms has been found to be more strongly associated with perceived stress in IBS patients than in healthy controls. Stress can activate intestinal mucosal mast cells and stimulate the release of mediators such as serotonin and proinflammatory cytokines, which are responsible for altered bowel sensation and motility. Patients with irritable bowel syndrome often attribute the onset or worsening of visceral pain to stress (8, 17). Diagnosis of Irritable Bowel Syndrome The pathogenesis of IBS is not clearly understood, and there is no causal biochemical or anatomic disorder that can be used to diagnose IBS. Diagnosis is based on symptoms after exclusion of other GI disorders detected by radiologic or endoscopic testing. The diagnosis of IBS is symptom-based using the Rome criteria. The Rome IV criteria, derived from a consensus of a multinational group of experts in the field of gut-brain interaction disorders, are used to diagnose IBS for both clinical and research purposes. According to the Rome IV criteria, symptoms must have been present for the past 3 months and have started at least 6 months before diagnosis. Patients with IBS must report symptoms of abdominal pain at least once a week (on average) associated with a change in stool frequency, a change in stool form, and/or a decrease or worsening of abdominal pain associated with defecation (8). Types of Irritable Bowel Syndrome According to the Rome IV criteria and the predominant stool pattern, IBS patients are divided into four main subtypes: Diarrhea predominant IBS (IBS-D), constipation predominant IBS (IBS-C), IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M), and unclassified IBS. These subgroups are reflected by stool appearance, as assessed by the Bristol Stool Form (BSF) scale, on days with at least one abnormal bowel movement. Diarrhea predominant IBS (IBS-D); Stools are loose, soft, mushy, or watery in 25% or more of bowel movements, and hard or ball-shaped in less than 25% of bowel movements. Constipation predominant IBS (IBS-C); Stools are hard or ball-shaped in 25% or more of bowel movements, and watery or loose in less than 25% of bowel movements. IBS with mixed bowel habits (IBS-M); In 25% or more of the stools, the stool is hard or lumpy and in 25% or more of the stools, the stool is watery like mush. Unclassified IBS; There is a stool shape that does not fit the other types of IBS (8). Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome Treatment in IBS includes pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment methods. Lifestyle interventions such as dietary changes, physical activity and stress reduction represent the most important nonpharmacological approach for patients with IBS. Considering the influence of psychosocial factors on the clinical symptoms of IBS, practices such as progressive muscle relaxation exercise, meditation, yoga, hypnotherapy, psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioral therapy and acupuncture may be beneficial for patients with IBS (8, 18). Progressive Relaxation Exercises Progressive muscle relaxation was first described by Jacobson in 1934 as the tensing and releasing of 16 muscle groups. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises involve the voluntary, regular and sequential contraction of 16 muscle groups in the body (hand, forearm, upper arm, forehead, cheek, nose, chin, neck, chest, shoulder, waist, abdomen, stomach, hip, calf, foot, etc.) from head to toe for 5 seconds at maximum along with deep breathing and their relaxation for 10 seconds while focusing on the breath. It is important to explain the relaxation procedures in detail before starting the exercises. This method is repeated for each muscle group and the exercise is completed in an average of 20 minutes. Progressive muscle relaxation exercises reduce muscle tension and provide psychological relief (19, 20). It has been stated that progressive muscle relaxation exercises help patients reduce anxiety and improve their sleep quality because they reduce stress, blood pressure, heart rate, lactic acid production and sensitivity to pain. There are studies examining progressive muscle relaxation exercises in IBS patients in the literature review. A 1993 study found that progressive muscle relaxation exercises caused a 50% reduction in GI symptoms in IBS patients. 14 A randomized controlled trial found that relaxation training reduced IBS symptoms, anxiety, and depression among IBS patients, and improved quality of life. Another study examining the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation training in IBS patients found that symptom severity, general health perception, and medical consumption improved significantly immediately after the intervention and also 6 and 12 months after the intervention. In addition, improvements were seen in IBS symptoms, quality of life, and depressive symptoms after progressive muscle relaxation exercises (8, 15, 21, 22). Nutrition in Irritable Bowel Syndrome Today, it is emphasized that diet and lifestyle recommendations should be the first-step approach in medical nutrition treatment of IBS. Healthy nutrition and lifestyle recommendations are important in IBS management. Many studies report that IBS patients have more irregular eating habits compared to the control group, which can affect motility and contribute to IBS symptoms. It is recommended that patients with irritable bowel syndrome first change their lifestyle and eating habits. It is important to identify the factors that trigger symptoms and take precautions against them. Dietary changes and eating habits that differ between individuals significantly affect strategies created for improving health and preventing diseases. A nutrition pyramid specific to IBS was created by Cozma Petrut and his colleagues. The pyramid emphasizes correct eating habits that can improve IBS symptoms and indicates how much of each food group to consume daily. While physical activity and hydration form the basis of the pyramid, fried and processed foods that should be removed from the diet of IBS patients form the top of the pyramid. Approximately two-thirds of patients with irritable bowel syndrome believe that their symptoms are related to the foods they eat. 50%-70% of these patients report that they cannot tolerate certain foods, 60%-70% report that symptoms worsen after eating, and more than 70% report that foods cause some symptoms. However, despite their widespread use, there is limited data supporting the use of special diets in the treatment of IBS symptoms. It is emphasized that an elimination diet should be focused on in order to determine the role of food intolerance in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. In one study, half of the female IBS patients were found to have improved symptoms after a 3-week diet in which dairy products, citrus fruits, grains, potatoes, coffee, tea, alcohol, and additives were eliminated. Alcohol, caffeine, spicy foods, and fatty foods frequently trigger gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Alcohol affects gastrointestinal motility, absorption, and intestinal permeability; caffeine increases stomach acid secretion and colonic motor activity in healthy individuals. Therefore, regular meal consumption, regular physical activity and good hydration are among the standard recommendations for individuals with IBS. In addition, reducing the intake of spicy foods, alcohol, insoluble fiber, caffeine and fat are among the recommendations. In order to prevent IBS attacks in medical nutrition therapy, approaches such as increasing soluble fiber intake, eliminating foods thought to cause symptoms from the diet and using probiotics/prebiotics are recommended for patients (23).