Detailed Description:

BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION A dearth of programs exist that actively promote HIV self-management among older adolescents and young adults (AYA) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Literature on chronic illness has identified the following skills for promoting self-management: problem-solving, decision-making, resource utilization, formation of a patient-provider partnership, action planning, and self-tailoring skills to one's own situation (Lorig and Holman 2003). While there is an international call to support HIV self-management among adolescents (Gilliam, Ellen et al. 2011, Chakraborty, Van Dyke et al. 2013, WHO 2013), the reality is that AYAs living with HIV in SSA often do not have access to youth-specific services (WHO 2013) or opportunities to build life skills. Some clinics hold monthly AYA peer group meetings, however such meetings are typically vulnerable to changes in staff and funding; are often not systematically incorporated into service provision; and do not involve AYAs' family members. There is also lack evidence on how HIV self-management differs by AYAs' developmental characteristics. Adolescence is a period characterized by intense physical, cognitive, and emotional growth and a desire for independence (Sanders 2013). Furthermore, data show that some youth living with HIV experience delayed cognitive development, particularly youth that are perinatally infected with HIV (Eckard, Rosebush et al. 2017, Sherr, Hensels et al. 2018). Despite these data, studies rarely examine program impact accounting for variations in AYAs' development. Furthermore, evidence exists that managing chronic illnesses has negative impacts on caregivers and families, particularly in low-income and highly stigmatized environments (Thurman, Jarabi et al. 2012, Kidman and Thurman 2014). Peer group interventions, however, show promise in reducing HIV-related stigma in SSA among adults (Mburu, Ram et al. 2013) and in supporting adolescent ART adherence (WHO 2013). Given that HIV is a highly stigmatized chronic illness, peer groups provide a safe environment in which to share experiences and learn from others who understand the day-to-day reality of living with HIV (Greifinger and Dick 2009). There is also a growing body of literature from SSA, including Zambia, calling for interventions to involve families in supporting AYA living with HIV to self-manage HIV (Hodgson, Ross et al. 2012, Siu, Bakeera-Kitaka et al. 2012, Busza, Besana et al. 2013, Mburu, Hodgson et al. 2013, Lowenthal, Bakeera-Kitaka et al. 2014, Mburu, Hodgson et al. 2014) and to promote family involvement as AYA transition into adulthood and adult HIV services (Pediatrics, Physicians et al. 2002, Dowshen and D'Angelo 2011, Cervia 2013, Chakraborty, Van Dyke et al. 2013). While experts agree on the need for family-centered approaches and peer support groups, few family-based interventions exist that specifically address the needs of older AYAs aged 15-21 years. In response to the lack of interventions to promote HIV self-management among AYA that harness the support of caregivers, the study team developed Family Connections- a family group-based intervention. In the study team's earlier pilot study of Family Connections the team adapted an existing adolescent support group guide called Positive Connections (The United States President's Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) 2013) using mixed-methods formative research. The study team also updated the AYA support group materials and developed a corresponding support group component for caregivers. The feasibility and acceptability of Family Connections was tested in an randomized controlled trial (RCT) among older adolescents (15 to 19 years) and their caregivers in two clinics in Ndola, Zambia. Fifty adolescent/caregiver pairs (100 individuals) were enrolled. Study results found that Family Connections was highly feasible and acceptable. Of the 24 adolescent/caregiver pairs assigned to the intervention arm, 88% attended eight or more of the 10 Family Connections sessions together, and most adolescents (96%) and all caregivers would recommend the intervention to their peers. Although not powered to find differences in outcomes, the prior pilot study showed a signal for efficacy in reducing adolescents' HIV-related feelings of worthlessness (I: 54% to 22% vs. C:38% to 35%, p=0.06) and shame (I: 58% to 30% vs. C:54% to 58%, p=0.07), and reducing caregiver burden (mean scores: I: 0.16 to -0.25 vs. C: -0.15 to -0.25, p=0.08). Building off this pilot study, this cluster randomized controlled trial (CRCT) will contribute to the field of HIV empirical research and care practices by testing the impact of a feasible and acceptable family-based intervention on increasing the proportion of 15- to 21-year-old AYA who achieve an undetectable viral load. This study will also help improve the understanding of how cognitive and developmental processes may moderate intervention outcomes among AYA. STUDY AIMS: The specific aims of the research are to: Aim 1: Assess the impact of Family Connections on achieving undetectable viral load (VL) (<20 copies/mL) among AYA. A CRCT will be conducted comparing 200 pairs of AYA and caregivers at 10 intervention clinics versus 200 pairs at 10 control clinics (n=800 total: 400 AYA, 400 caregivers). Aim 2: Assess the impact of Family Connections on caregiver burden (e.g., How often does the caregiver feel stressed between caring for their adolescent and trying to meet other responsibilities for family or work?) and social support among the 200 AYA caregiver participants in the intervention arm versus the 200 AYA caregiver participants in the control arm (n=400). Aim 3: Examine if the impact of Family Connections on AYAs' viral status is moderated by developmental differences among youth assessed through measures of cognitive functioning, executive functioning, impulse control, and emotional regulation. STUDY DESIGN This study is a multi-site, pair-matched CRCT to evaluate the impact of the Family Connections intervention on achieving undetectable VL among AYA living with HIV. The study team will enroll pairs of AYA living with HIV (ages 15-21) and their caregivers in 20 matched pairs of HIV clinics in the Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces. The team will enroll and collect baseline data, including a VL test, from an estimated 500 to 700 AYA 15-to-21 years living with HIV in Copperbelt and Lusaka Provinces and 500 to 700 of their caregivers. The range of participants enrolled is provided as it depends on the proportion of youth initially enrolled who have a detectable VL at baseline. Based on prior research, approximately 20% of AYA enrolled in the study will have an undetectable viral load. These participants will end study participation at that point. An estimated 35 AYA/caregiver pairs in each clinic will be enrolled until there are approximately 400 AYA participants with a detectable VL and their caregivers who will continue in the study. After a run-in period, during which study procedures will be refined and facilitators will hold family connection sessions (see more detail below), the study will commence in 4 clinics (2-matched pairs) in the Copperbelt Province, and then roll out to the remaining clinics in the Copperbelt. The study team will then move the research to the Lusaka Province where the same approach will be repeated. Data collection will occur at baseline, midline (at the end of the Family Connections intervention, approximately six months after baseline), and endline (about six months after midline), and will consist of a survey among caregivers and AYA, a blood draw for AYA, and a point of care (POC) urine adherence test for AYA taking Tenofovir as part of their antiretroviral therapy (ART). The 20 clinics have been pair-matched by province, number of AYA on ART, and location type. One clinic within each of the matched pairs will be randomly assigned to receive the Family Connections intervention, consisting of 10 in-person group sessions that will take place over an estimated 6 months. The other clinic in the matched pair will be assigned to a standard of care control group. The main comparison will be based on the effect at midline after the 6 months of intervention in the intervention group. Additional contrasts will be tested to examine changes of effects over time (e.g., at endline).}}